More similarity than difference: comparison of within- and between-sex variance in early adolescent brain structure.

Background: Adolescent neuroimaging studies of sex differences in the human brain predominantly examine mean differences between males and females. This focus on between-groups differences without probing relative distributions and similarities may contribute to both conflation and overestimation of sex differences and sexual dimorphism in the developing human brain.

Methods: We aimed to characterize the variance in brain macro- and micro-structure in early adolescence as it pertains to sex at birth using a large sample of 9-11 year-olds from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (N=7,723).

Amygdala Subregion Volumes and Apportionment in Preadolescents - Associations with Age, Sex, and Body Mass Index.

Importance: The amygdala, a key limbic structure, plays a critical role in emotional, social, and appetitive behaviors that develop throughout adolescence. Composed of a heterogeneous group of nuclei, questions remain about potential differences in the maturation of its subregions during development.

Objective: To characterize the associations between developmental variables and amygdala subregion volumes during preadolescence.

More similarity than difference: comparison of within- and between-sex variance in early adolescent brain structure.

Background: Adolescent neuroimaging studies of sex differences in the human brain predominantly examine mean differences between males and females. This focus on between-groups differences without probing relative distributions and similarities may contribute to both conflation and overestimation of sex differences and sexual dimorphism in the developing human brain.

Methods: We aimed to characterize the variance in brain macro- and micro-structure in early adolescence as it pertains to sex at birth using a large sample of 9-11 year-olds from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (N=7,723).

Sex, gender diversity, and brain structure in children ages 9 to 11 years old.

There remains little consensus about the relationship between sex and brain structure, particularly in childhood. Moreover, few pediatric neuroimaging studies have analyzed both sex and gender as variables of interest - many of which included small sample sizes and relied on binary definitions of gender. The current study examined gender diversity with a continuous felt-gender score and categorized sex based on X and Y allele frequency in a large sample of children ages 9-11 years-old (N=7693).