Regioselective Difluoroalkylation of 2-Pyridones with Fluoroalkyl Bromides Enabled by a Nickel(II) Catalyst.

Regioselective C-H difluoroalkylation of diverse 2-pyridones with ethyl bromodifluoroacetates and bromodifluoroacetamides is accomplished by using a (dppf)NiCl catalyst under mild conditions. This efficient protocol could deliver a variety of C-3 difluoroalkylated pyridones with the tolerance of a range of highly susceptible functionalities, such as -Cl, -Br, -I, -COMe, -CN, -NMe and -NO, including heteroarenes like pyridinyl, furanyl, thiophenyl and carbazolyl moieties. A preliminary mechanistic study suggests the radical pathway for the reaction involving fluoroalkyl radical intermediate.

Chelation-assisted and steric-controlled selectivity in the Pd-catalyzed C-H/C-H oxidative coupling of indoles.

We report the first regioselective C2-C7 oxidative coupling of indoles using a palladium catalyst upon the strategic installation of -pyridinyl and C3-carbonyl, which delivers 2,7-biindoles with a broad scope (25 examples; up to 93% yield). Isolation of the catalytic intermediate reveals the initial activation of the C(7)-H bond, followed by the C(2)-H bond in indoles, and the reaction proceeds a Pd(II)/Pd(0) pathway.

The multifaceted role of different SnRK gene family members in regulating multiple abiotic stresses in plants.

Abiotic stresses are a major constraint for agricultural productivity and food security in today's era of climate change. Plants can experience different types of abiotic stresses, either individually or in combination. Sometimes, more than one stress event may occur simultaneously or one after another during the lifecycle of the plant.

TMS of the left primary motor cortex improves tremor intensity and postural control in primary orthostatic tremor.

A ponto-cerebello-thalamo-cortical network is the pathophysiological correlate of primary orthostatic tremor. Affected patients often do not respond satisfactorily to pharmacological treatment. Consequently, the objective of the current study was to examine the effects of a non-invasive neuromodulation by theta burst repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the left primary motor cortex (M1) and dorsal medial frontal cortex (dMFC) on tremor frequency, intensity, sway path and subjective postural stability in primary orthostatic tremor.