Toward the Electrostatic Catalysis of Nucleophilic Substitutions: A Surface Chemistry Study of the Menshutkin Reaction.

The catalysis of nonredox reactions by external electric fields is one of the most rapidly expanding areas of chemistry. The Menshutkin reaction, a classic example of bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (S2), involves the conversion of a tertiary amine to a quaternary ammonium salt by coupling it with an alkyl halide. The reaction barrier of the Menshutkin reaction is theoretically predicted to be highly sensitive to the magnitude and direction of an external electric field experienced by the transition state.

Myeloproliferative Neoplasm-like Mutations of Calreticulin Induce Phenotypes Associated with Calreticulin Dysfunction in .

In previous research, we created a model with homozygous mutations in calreticulin similar to those found in patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF), two myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). This model, lacking JAK orthologs, enabled us to examine the transcriptomic effects caused by mutant calreticulin without the influence of JAK/STAT activation, the primary pathogenic mechanism associated with calreticulin mutations known to date. Most of the gene expression changes observed seemed to be due to a partial loss of protein function, with the alteration of the extracellular matrix being particularly notable.