Hydrocephalus in Children: A Neuroradiological Perspective.

Concepts about the production, absorption, dynamics, and physiological roles of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have dramatically changed over the recent decades. This article will review these new concepts and detail how they must be used for a better assessment and a better understanding of the various aspects of hydrocephalus by using neuroradiological tools.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings Are Associated with Long-Term Global Neurological Function or Death after Traumatic Brain Injury in Critically Ill Children.

The identification of children with traumatic brain injury (TBI) who are at risk of death or poor global neurological functional outcome remains a challenge. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can detect several brain pathologies that are a result of TBI; however, the types and locations of pathology that are the most predictive remain to be determined. Forty-two critically ill children with TBI were recruited prospectively from pediatric intensive care units at five Canadian children's hospitals.

Deep venous communication in vein of Galen malformations: incidence, Imaging, and Implications for treatment.

Background: Failure to appreciate deep venous drainage pathways is a major cause of severe complications in the endovascular treatment of vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations (VOGMs).

Objective: To report deep venous drainage patterns in patients with VOGM, emphasizing the internal cerebral veins, and to describe the challenges in evaluating these.

Methods: Patients with VOGM presenting to our institute between 2000 and 2018 were retrospectively analyzed.

Corpus Callosum: Molecular Pathways in Mice and Human Dysgeneses.

The corpus callosum is the largest of the 3 telencephalic commissures in eutherian (placental) mammals. Although the anterior commissure, and the hippocampal commissure before being pushed dorsally by the expanding frontal lobes, cross through the lamina reuniens (upper part of the lamina terminalis), the callosal fibers need a transient interhemispheric cellular bridge to cross. This review describes the molecular pathways that initiate the specification of the cells comprising this bridge, the specification of the callosal neurons, and the repulsive and attractive guidance molecules that convey the callosal axons toward, across, and away from the midline to connect with their targets.

Neuroimaging in Pediatric Hydrocephalus.

The objective of this review is to discuss the role of neuroimaging in evaluating pediatric and fetal hydrocephalus based on possible pathophysiologic mechanisms and in the context of differing etiology. Although conventional brain imaging with ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is commonly used to assess for ventricular enlargement, however, the underlying mechanisms and management of hydrocephalus is a challenge in pediatric population and fetal hydrocephalus. MRI helps define the possible nature of the obstruction, and provides useful functional and anatomic information.