Improved apple latent spherical virus-induced gene silencing in multiple soybean genotypes through direct inoculation of agro-infiltrated extract.

Background: Virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a powerful genomics tool for interrogating the function of plant genes. Unfortunately, VIGS vectors often produce disease symptoms that interfere with the silencing phenotypes of target genes, or are frequently ineffective in certain plant genotypes or tissue types. This is especially true in crop plants like soybean [ (L.

The Mexican bean beetle (Epilachna varivestis) regurgitome and insights into beetle-borne virus specificity.

For nearly 400 million years, insects and plants have been embattled in an evolutionary arms race. Insects have developed diverse feeding strategies and behaviors in an effort to circumvent and overcome an extensive collection of plant defense tactics. Sap-sucking insects often inject saliva into hosts plants, which contains a suite of effector proteins and even microbial communities that can alter the plant's defenses.

Genetic mapping and haplotype analysis of a locus for quantitative resistance to Fusarium graminearum in soybean accession PI 567516C.

A major novel quantitative disease resistance locus, qRfg_Gm06, for Fusarium graminearum was genetically mapped to chromosome 6. Genomic-assisted haplotype analysis within this region identified three putative candidate genes. Fusarium graminearum causes seed, root rot, and seedling damping-off in soybean which contributes to reduced stands and yield.

A sweet story: Bean pod mottle virus transmission dynamics by Mexican bean beetles (Epilachna varivestis).

Worldwide crop losses due to plant diseases exceed $60 billion annually. Next to fungi, viruses represent the greatest contributor to those losses, and these are transmitted in nature primarily by insects. Mexican bean beetles () are formidable pests of soybean, as well as efficient vectors of several soybean-infecting viruses, including (BPMV).

Factors that dentists use to decide whether or not to render a patient edentulous. Part 2. An investigation using a postal questionnaire sent to dentists in East lancashire.

Aims: To investigate the factors that dentists use to decide whether or not to make a patient edentulous.

Method: A previous qualitative investigation identified factors that dentists would consider when making a patient edentulous. Using this information, a questionnaire was created and sent to all dentists practising in East Lancashire, asking them whether these factors would make them more or less likely to extract all remaining teeth for a patient.