Survey of the cross-cultural content of U.S. psychiatry residency training programs.

To establish the extent of cross-cultural content contained in the 224 psychiatric residency training programs, the Directors of Residency Training were surveyed by mail. Thirty-seven percent (N = 83) of Directors responded; 92% (N = 76) had cross-cultural content, 99% (N = 82) had opportunities to work with minority patients, and 77% (N = 64) had supervision by some minority faculty. Responding programs reported a need for teaching videotapes (85%, N = 71), cross-cultural references (78%, N = 65), academic psychiatrists familiar with different cultural groups (76%, N = 63), and cross-cultural supervision (75%, N = 62).

Differential bonding: toward a psychophysiological theory of stereotyping.

The author uses the concept of affiliative-affectionate bonding and the concept of differentiative-aggressive bonding to answer questions regarding the human tendency to stereotype. He states that the human processes of affiliation, introjection, identification, and affection appear to be psychophysiological elaborations of approach-seeking physiology and that differentiation, projection, and aggression appear to be psychophysiological elaborations of withdrawal-avoidance physiology. He also points out that some measure of stereotyping and paranoia may be necessary because differential bonding appears to be essential for adaptation.