Lower polyunsaturated fatty acid levels and FADS2 expression in adult compared to neonatal keratinocytes are associated with FADS2 promotor hypermethylation.

Keratinocytes produce lipids that are critical for the skin barrier, however, little is known about the impact of age on fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis in these cells. We have examined the relationship between keratinocyte FA composition, lipid biosynthetic gene expression, gene promoter methylation and age. Expression of elongase (ELOVL6 and 7) and desaturase (FADS1 and 2) genes was lower in adult versus neonatal keratinocytes, and was associated with lower concentrations of n-7, n-9 and n-10 polyunsaturated FA in adult cells.

Reduced CD27IgD B Cells in Blood and Raised CD27IgD B Cells in Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

The intestinal mucosa in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) contains increased frequencies of lymphocytes and a disproportionate increase in plasma cells secreting immunoglobulin (Ig)G relative to other isotypes compared to healthy controls. Despite consistent evidence of B lineage cells in the mucosa in IBD, little is known of B cell recruitment to the gut in IBD. Here we analyzed B cells in blood of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) with a range of disease activities.

Plasma irisin is elevated in type 2 diabetes and is associated with increased E-selectin levels.

Background: Irisin is a hormone released mainly from skeletal muscle after exercise which increases adipose tissue energy expenditure. Adipocytes can also release irisin after exercise, acting as a local adipokine to induce white adipose tissue to take on a brown adipose tissue-like phenotype, suggesting that irisin and its receptor may represent a novel molecular target for the treatment of obesity and obesity-related diabetes. Previous reports provide conflicting evidence regarding circulating irisin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

Bardoxolone-methyl inhibits migration and metabolism in MCF7 cells.

Bardoxolone-methyl (BAR) is reported to have anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and anti-fibrotic effects. BAR activates Nrf2 and may ameliorate oxidative stress through induction of antioxidant genes. However, off-target effects, probably concentration and NFkB-dependent, have limited the clinical use of BAR.

Redox regulation in metabolic programming and inflammation.

Energy metabolism and redox state are intrinsically linked. In order to mount an adequate immune response, cells must have an adequate and rapidly available energy resource to migrate to the inflammatory site, to generate reactive oxygen species using NADPH as a cofactor and to engulf bacteria or damaged tissue. The first responder cells of the innate immune response, neutrophils, are largely dependent on glycolysis.