Planum Temporale Asymmetries in Primates: A Comparative Study in Great Apes and Monkeys.

Objectives: Most human brains exhibit left hemisphere asymmetry for planum temporale (PT) surface area and gray matter volume, which is interpreted as cerebral lateralization for language. Once considered a uniquely human feature, PT asymmetries have now been documented in chimpanzees and olive baboons. The goal of the current study was to further investigate the evolution of PT asymmetries in nonhuman primates.

Predictive Methods and Probabilistic Mapping of Subcortical Brain Components in Fossil Carnivora.

Paleoneurology reconstructs the evolutionary history of nervous systems through direct observations from the fossil record and comparative data from extant species. Although this approach can provide direct evidence of phylogenetic links among species, it is constrained by the availability and quality of data that can be gleaned from the fossil record. Here, we sought to translate brain component relationships in a sample of extant Carnivora to make inferences about brain structure in fossil species.

Phylogenetic variation of immature neurons in mammalian amygdala: high prevalence in primate expanded nuclei projecting to neocortex.

Structural changes involving new neurons can occur through stem cell-driven neurogenesis and late-maturing immature neurons, namely undifferentiated neuronal precursors frozen in a state of arrested maturation. The latter exist in the cerebral cortex, being particularly abundant in large-brained mammals. Similar cells have been described in the amygdala of some species, although their interspecies variation remain poorly understood.

Neuromuscular fatigue in English Premier League academy football players: Within- and cross-season responses.

Objectives: To examine the within- and cross-season neuromuscular fatigue responses in English Premier League U-18 academy football players.

Design: Twenty-five players from the same team completed weekly countermovement jump and isometric adductor and posterior chain strength tests for a full competitive season.

Methods: Global positioning system measures of training and match total, high-metabolic load and sprint distance were recorded daily and converted into exponentially weighted moving average seven- and twenty-eight-day values.

Amyloid-Beta, Tau, and Microglial Activation in Aged Felid Brains.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its associated pathology have been primarily identified in humans, who have relatively large brains and long lifespans. To expand what is known about aging and neurodegeneration across mammalian species, we characterized amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau lesions in five species of aged felids (n = 9; cheetah, clouded leopard, African lion, serval, Siberian tiger). We performed immunohistochemistry to detect Aβ40 and Aβ42 in plaques and vessels and hyperphosphorylated tau in the temporal lobe gyrus sylvius and in the CA1 and CA3 subfields of the hippocampus.