Induction of flight via midbrain projections to the cuneiform nucleus.

The dorsal periaqueductal gray is a midbrain structure implicated in the control of defensive behaviors and the processing of painful stimuli. Electrical stimulation or optogenetic activation of excitatory neurons in dorsal periaqueductal gray results in freezing or flight behavior at low and high intensity, respectively. However, the output structures that mediate these defensive behaviors remain unconfirmed.

The Multidimensional Cough Index: A Practical Scale to Measure Cough and Sputum.

Background: There currently is a lack of easy-to-use instruments with which to assess cough. The aim of the present study was to develop a scale for measuring the characteristics of cough and sputum.

Methods: The authors developed a scale for assessing cough, including aspects such as intensity, frequency, physical impact, psychosocial impacts and sputum characteristics.

Mental health, pain symptoms and systemic comorbidities in women with endometriosis: a cross-sectional study.

Introduction: Endometriosis is a gynecological disease with a severe impact on quality of life. The aim of this study is to assess mental health status in a group of women with endometriosis, investigating their clinical history, pain symptoms and systemic comorbidities.

Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was performed on a group of Italian Caucasian women with endometriosis (n = 134).