Force-limiting and the mechanical response of natural turfgrass used in the National Football League: A step toward the elimination of differential lower limb injury risk on synthetic turf.

Lower limb injury rate in the National Football League (NFL) is greater on synthetic turf than on natural turfgrass. Foot loading in potentially injurious situations can be mitigated by damage to natural turfgrass that limits the peak load by allowing relative motion between the foot and the ground. Synthetic turf surfaces do not typically sustain such damage and thus lack such a load-limiting mechanism.

A survey of the use of time-out protocols in emergency medicine.

Background: Time-outs, as one of the elements of the Joint Commission Universal Protocol for Preventing Wrong Site, Wrong Procedure, and Wrong Person Surgery has been in effect since July 1, 2004. Time-outs are required by The Joint Commission for all hospital procedures regardless of location, including emergency departments (EDs). Attitudes about ED time-outs were assessed for a sample of senior emergency physicians serving in leadership roles for a national professional society.

Effect of posture on upper and lower rib cage motion and tidal volume during diaphragm pacing.

We monitored changes in upper and lower rib cage dimensions and tidal volume during bilateral phrenic nerve pacing in a quadraplegic subject with a flaccid chest wall paralysis. Both upper and lower rib cage showed inward (paradoxical) motion during paced breaths in supine (horizontal) and upright positions on a tilt table. In both postures, abdominal compression changed only the lower rib cage to orthodox motion.

Experimental induction of chronic bronchitis in dogs: effects on airway obstruction and responsiveness.

Chronic bronchitis was induced in 6 mongrel dogs by chronic exposure to SO2 gas; the degree of chronic airway obstruction and the effects on airway responsiveness to inhaled histamine, carbachol, and prostaglandin F2 alpha were examined. Five dogs developed chronic airway obstruction, as indicated by an increase in pulmonary resistance, and clinical mucous hypersecretion. In addition, in each of the animals in which chronic airway obstruction developed there was a decrease in the airway responsiveness to inhaled mediators.