Hydrological benefits of filtering swales for metal removal.

This paper studies the hydraulic performance of two swales composed of filters for stormwater management (filtering swales) in a large-scale experimental study and compares them to the performance of a swale composed of traditional bioretention soil (bioswale). Using experimental data, dimensionless formulations are derived to reflect the influence of swale design parameters on hydraulic performance. The developed formulas can be used to design swales accounting for practical factors for decision makers such as local rainfall patterns, volume capture requirements, and drainage area.