Challenges and career consequences of internationally educated nurses: Empirical research qualitative.

Aim: To explore challenges, and career consequences of internationally educated nurses, and considerations of development policy, education, and support for them from the perspective of nursing administrators.

Design: This study applied a qualitative description design.

Methods: A semi-structured interview guideline were used, interviewed eight internationally educated nurses and nine nursing administrators were chosen based on a purposive sampling method.

The relationship between hospital ethical climate and continuing education in nursing ethics.

Background: In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the importance of creating a healthy ethical climate. Although relationship with various factors and the ethical climate have been reported, understanding of the relationship between ethical education and ethical climate is limited.

Aim: This study aims to investigate the relationship between ethical climate, personal characteristics, and continuing education for ethics.

Permeability of the fish intestinal membrane to bulky chemicals.

The ability to predict the environmental behavior of chemicals precisely is important for realizing more rational regulation. In this study, the bioaccumulation of nine chemicals of different molecular weights absorbed the intestinal tract was evaluated in fish using the everted gut sac method. The amounts of chemicals that passed through the intestinal membrane after a 24-hr exposure were significantly decreased for chemicals with MW≥548 and D≥15.

Criterion of molecular size to evaluate the bioaccumulation potential of chemicals in fish.

To evaluate the bioaccumulation potential of chemicals in fish, a molecular-size descriptor, D, has been used as a weight of evidence under the EU REACH. The D value, however, is estimated on the basis of 3-D structures of possible stable conformers in a vacuum using OASIS software that requires expertise upon parameter input. We developed a method to calculate the 3-D conformers in water, which is more suitable for bioaccumulation potential evaluation in an aquatic environment, by introducing MD simulation.