Typhi Haplotype 58 biofilm formation and genetic variation in isolates from typhoid fever patients with gallstones in an endemic setting in Kenya.

Although typhoid fever has largely been eliminated in high-income countries, it remains a major global public health concern especially among low- and middle-income countries. The causative agent, serovar Typhi ( Typhi), is a human restricted pathogen with a limited capacity to replicate outside the human host. Human carriers, 90% of whom have gallstones in their gallbladder, continue to shed the pathogen for an ill-defined period of time after treatment.

Association of Sickle Cell Disease, Malaria and HIV in Multi Drug Resistant Invasive Non-typhoidal Isolated from Outpatient and Hospitalised Children Below 16 Years in Informal Settlements in Nairobi County, Kenya.

Background: Invasive non-typhoidal (iNTS) disease continues to be a major public health problem, especially in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where incidence rates are 227 cases [range 152-341] per 100,000 populations. Populations at risk of iNTS include adults with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, malnourished children, and those with recent malaria or sickle-cell anaemia (SCA). In Kenya, iNTS disease is particularly a major challenge in poor informal settlements, with infants and young children less than 5 years of age being the most affected.

Multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhi among symptomatic and asymptomatic children in informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya.

Background: The emergence and persistence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi) infections is a significant global health problem. The carrier state of typhoid makes it prudent to conduct routine surveillance for both acute cases and carriers especially those caused by MDR S.