Sucrose-preferring gut microbes prevent host obesity by producing exopolysaccharides.

Commensal bacteria affect host health by producing various metabolites from dietary carbohydrates via bacterial glycometabolism; however, the underlying mechanism of action remains unclear. Here, we identified Streptococcus salivarius as a unique anti-obesity commensal bacterium. We found that S.

Relationship between extracellular water to total body water ratio and severe diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes.

Context: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common microvascular complication of diabetes, and identifying the risk factors for severe DR is important.

Objective: We aimed to investigate the relationship between severe DR and the extracellular water to total body water ratio (ET ratio).

Design: Retrospective cross-sectional study.

Lipoteichoic acid composed of poly-glycerolphosphate containing l-lysine and involved in immunoglobulin A-inducing activity in Apilactobacillus genus.

Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) in the gram-positive bacterial cell wall acts as an immunomodulatory factor in host cells. The chemical structures vary among bacterial species and strains, and may be related to biological activities. In our previous work, much higher immunoglobulin A (IgA)-inducing activity was observed in cells of the Apilactobacillus genus (Apilactobacillus kosoi 10H, Apilactobacillus apinorum JCM 30765, and Apilactobacillus kunkeei JCM 16173) than other lactic acid bacteria, and their LTA was responsible for the activity.

Prebiotic effect of galacto--biose on the intestinal lactic acid bacteria as enhancer of acetate production and hypothetical colonization.

Unlabelled: Galacto--biose (GNB) is an important core structure of glycan of mucin glycoproteins in the gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa. Because certain beneficial bacteria inhabiting the GI tract, such as bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria, harbor highly specialized GNB metabolic capabilities, GNB is considered a promising prebiotic for nourishing and manipulating beneficial bacteria in the GI tract. However, the precise interactions between GNB and beneficial bacteria and their accompanying health-promoting effects remain elusive.