Intrathecal ziconotide for the treatment of chronic pain: a collection of clinical experiences and literature review.

Objective: Despite the wide use of ziconotide in the USA for treating refractory cancer- and noncancer-related pain, this agent is little used in Europe, even if licensed by the European Medicines Agency (EMA). The reason could be attributed to the high, fixed starting dose required for ziconotide, as stated in the EMA Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC). This dosage recommendation is based on the results of pivotal clinical studies of ziconotide, which utilized aggressive titration schedules.

Transhiatal Approach to Filum Terminale Externum Sectioning in Adult Patient With Tethered Cord Syndrome: Case Report.

Background And Importance: An adult patient was referred to our department for tethered cord syndrome. A lumbar magnetic resonance imaging showed a conus medullaris at the S2 level and the caudal part of the dural sac at the S3 level. We present a minimally invasive spine surgery procedure at the hiatus level for the treatment of tethered cord syndrome by the surgical section of the filum terminale externum, which avoids bone demolition.

[Antibiotic-prophylaxis in the minimally invasive pain surgical procedures].

The minimally invasive pain surgical procedures are more and more frequently used in the treatment and management of the chronic pain. The patients will often have recourse to a higher infection's risk during the proceedings for acquired general conditions (like enterotomy, skin ulcers, bladder catheter).The analysis literature doesn't produce specific treatment guidelines about antibiotic prophylaxis in pain therapy.