Effects of COVID-19 time on the development of pre-impaired glucose tolerance state in children and adolescents with overweight and obesity.

Objectives: We aimed to characterize the effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on 2 h plasma glucose (2 h PG) values after an OGTT postulating a correlation between 2 h PG spectrum and the decline of β-cell function. Particularly, we tried to evaluate the effects on the risk of showing 2 h plasma glucose values in the highest range of normal values in children and adolescent with obesity during COVID-19 Pandemic compared to those evaluated during the 13 years before.

Subjects/methods: Data from 532 children and adolescents with obesity and overweight (before COVID-19 Pandemic, 209M/262F, 2008-2019; during COVID-19 Pandemic, 40M/21F, 2020-2021) who had undergone a complete evaluation and had performed an OGTT were analyzed.

Short stature related to Growth Hormone Insensitivity (GHI) in childhood.

Linear growth during childhood is the result of the synergic contribution of different factors. The best growth determinant system during each period of life is represented by the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor axis (GH-IGF), even if several other factors are involved in normal growth. Within the broad spectrum of growth disorders, an increased importance has been placed on growth hormone insensitivity (GHI).

Role of bile acids in overweight and obese children and adolescents.

Bile acids (BAs) are amphipathic molecules synthetized in the liver. They are primarily involved in the digestion of nutrients. Apart from their role in dietary lipid absorption, BAs have progressively emerged as key regulators of systemic metabolism and inflammation.

Insulin resistance relates to DKA severity and affects insulin requirement in children with type 1 diabetes at onset.

Background: Fluid and insulin treatments are the cornerstones of DKA management and indications on dosages are available. However, according to possible confounding factors, relevant data are still required to explain the different insulin dosages adopted at diabetes onset, particularly based upon insulin sensitivity.

Objective: We aimed to explore whether DKA severity is related to different insulin sensitivity states, thus resulting in different insulin requirement at diabetes onset.