Single-cell transcriptional analysis of murine norovirus infection in a human intestinal cell line.

Noroviruses are a major agent of acute gastroenteritis in humans, but host cell requirements for efficient replication have not been established. We engineered a human intestinal cell line (designated mCD300lf-hCaco2) expressing the murine norovirus (MNV) receptor, mouse CD300lf to become fully permissive for MNV replication. To explore the replicative machinery and host response of these cells, we performed a single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) transcriptomics analysis of an MNV infection over time.

Comparing single- and multi-post labeling delays for the measurements of resting cerebral and hippocampal blood flow for cerebrovascular testing in midlife adults.

Objectives: To assess the reliability and validity of measuring resting cerebral blood flow (CBF) and hippocampal CBF using a single-post-labeling delay (PLD) and a multi-PLD pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL) protocol for cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) testing.

Methods: 25 healthy, midlife adults (57 ± 4 years old) were imaged in a Siemens Prisma 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. Resting CBF and hippocampal CBF were assessed using two pCASL protocols, our modified single-PLD protocol (pCASL-MOD) to accommodate the needs for CVR testing and the multi-PLD Human Connectome Project (HCP) Lifespan protocol to serve as the reference control (pCASL-HCP).

A bacterial immunity protein directly senses two disparate phage proteins.

Eukaryotic innate immune systems use pattern recognition receptors to sense infection by detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns, which then triggers an immune response. Bacteria have similarly evolved immunity proteins that sense certain components of their viral predators, known as bacteriophages. Although different immunity proteins can recognize different phage-encoded triggers, individual bacterial immunity proteins have been found to sense only a single trigger during infection, suggesting a one-to-one relationship between bacterial pattern recognition receptors and their ligands.