A One Health Investigation into H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus Epizootics on Two Dairy Farms.

Background: In early April 2024 we studied two Texas dairy farms which had suffered incursions of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) the previous month.

Methods: We employed molecular assays, cell and egg culture, Sanger and next generation sequencing to isolate and characterize viruses from multiple farm specimens (cow nasal swab, milk specimens, fecal slurry, and a dead bird).

Results: We detected H5N1 HPAIV in 64% (9/14) of milk specimens, 2.

Effects of Cathepsin S Inhibition in the Age-Related Dry Eye Phenotype.

Purpose: Aged C57BL/6J (B6) mice have increased levels of cathepsin S, and aged cathepsin S (Ctss-/-) knockout mice are resistant to age-related dry eye. This study investigated the effects of cathepsin S inhibition on age-related dry eye disease.

Methods: Female B6 mice aged 15.

Ectopic lymphoid structures in the aged lacrimal glands.

Aging is a complex biological process in which many organs are pathologically affected. We previously reported that aged C57BL/6J had increased lacrimal gland (LG) lymphoid infiltrates that suggest ectopic lymphoid structures. However, these ectopic lymphoid structures have not been fully investigated.