The blueprint for stress can be found in invertebrates.

Through an extremely complicated equilibrium called homeostasis, all living organisms maintain their survival in the face of both externally and internally generated "stimuli". This apparent harmony is constantly challenged. Survival through successful adaptation is maintained as close to steady state as possible by adaptive responses, which may also be called perturbation responses since they have a constitutively defined dynamic capacity, i.

Morphine 6 glucuronide stimulates nitric oxide release in mussel neural tissues: evidence for a morphine 6 glucuronide opiate receptor subtype.

We have previously demonstrated that Mytilus edulis pedal ganglia contain opiate alkaloids, i.e., morphine and morphine 6 glucuronide (M6G), as well as mu opiate receptor subtype fragments exhibiting high sequence similarity to those found in mammals.

Direct assessment and diminished production of morphine stimulated NO by diabetic endothelium from saphenous vein.

Aim: To directly measure in real time basal and stimulated levels of NO released from human saphenous vein endothelium and to quantify the expression of the mu opiate receptor, which has been linked with NO release.

Methods: Saphenous vein segments from patients with type 2 diabetes (n=12) and patients without diabetes (n=8) were obtained. The release of NO was measured directly from the endothelium using a NO-specific amperometric probe.

Morphine reduces herpes simplex virus-1 pathogenesis in the murine flank.

Here we investigate the effect of morphine on herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) pathogenesis using a murine flank scarification model. Murine flank scarification with HSV-1 results in primary lesions at the site of inoculation within three days and lesions at secondary sites within four days. The lesions are scored based on lesion size.