An Anatomic Study on Whether the Patella is Centered in an Ideal Anteroposterior Radiograph of the Knee.

Background: Currently, an anteroposterior radiograph of the knee is judged based on a centered position of the patella between the femoral condyles. We are not aware of any anatomic literature supporting this recommendation.

Questions/purposes: Orthogonal images are required for accurate assessment of knee deformity.

Periosteum, bone's "smart" bounding membrane, exhibits direction-dependent permeability.

The periosteum serves as bone's bounding membrane, exhibits hallmarks of semipermeable epithelial barrier membranes, and contains mechanically sensitive progenitor cells capable of generating bone. The current paucity of data regarding the periosteum's permeability and bidirectional transport properties provided the impetus for the current study. In ovine femur and tibia samples, the periosteum's hydraulic permeability coefficient, k, was calculated using Darcy's Law and a custom-designed permeability tester to apply controlled, volumetric flow of phosphate-buffered saline through periosteum samples.

Differential GH-releasing hormone regulation of GHRH receptor mRNA expression in the rat pituitary.

To understand the capacity of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) to regulate expression of the GHRH receptor, we studied the effects of GHRH on GHRH receptor mRNA expression in immature and adult rats by use of pituitary cell culture and immunoneutralization approaches. Pituitary cell cultures from neonatal (2-day-old) and adult (70-day-old) rats were treated with GHRH for 4, 24, or 72 h. The effect of GHRH on GHRH receptor mRNA expression depended on the duration of GHRH exposure in both age groups; short-term (4 h) GHRH treatment significantly reduced GHRH receptor mRNA expression (P < 0.

Energy restriction modulates the development of advanced preneoplastic lesions depending on the level of fat in the diet.

Our objective was to investigate the ability of preneoplastic colonic lesions at different stages of development to respond to the growth-retarding effects of energy restriction (ER). Male Fischer 344 rats were given three injections of azoxymethane (15 mg/kg s.c.

Diverse effect of fish oil on the growth of aberrant crypt foci and tumor multiplicity in F344 rats.

The main objective of the present study was to investigate the amenability of preneoplastic lesions at different developmental stages to the growth-regulatory effects of two types of dietary lipids. F344 male rats were given three injections of azoxymethane (15 mg/kg) and fed a low-fat corn oil diet for 12 weeks to allow preneoplastic lesions or aberrant crypt foci (ACF) to develop. At this time, the colons of rats had a large number of ACF exhibiting various crypt multiplicities (number of crypts/focus).