Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug without Antibiotics for Acute Viral Infection Increases the Empyema Risk in Children: A Matched Case-Control Study.

Objective: To investigate the risk factors of empyema after acute viral infection and to clarify the hypothesized association(s) between empyema and some viruses and/or the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

Study Design: A case-control study was conducted in 15 centers. Cases and controls were enrolled for a source population of children 3-15 years of age with acute viral infections between 2006 and 2009.

Interaction of Vaccination and Reduction of Antibiotic Use Drives Unexpected Increase of Pneumococcal Meningitis.

Antibiotic-use policies may affect pneumococcal conjugate-vaccine effectiveness. The reported increase of pneumococcal meningitis from 2001 to 2009 in France, where a national campaign to reduce antibiotic use was implemented in parallel to the introduction of the 7-valent conjugate vaccine, provides unique data to assess these effects. We constructed a mechanistic pneumococcal transmission model and used likelihood to assess the ability of competing hypotheses to explain that increase.

Fluoroquinolone use is a risk factor for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus acquisition in long-term care facilities: a nested case-case-control study.

Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nasal colonization is a well-established risk factor for subsequent infection and a key event in interindividual transmission. Some studies have showed an association between fluoroquinolones and MRSA colonization or infection. The present study was performed to identify specific risk factors for MRSA acquisition in long-term care facilities (LTCFs).

Outpatient antibiotic use in France between 2000 and 2010: after the nationwide campaign, it is time to focus on the elderly.

Antibiotic overconsumption is the main force driving the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. To promote better antibiotic use in France, a nationwide campaign has been run every year from October to March since 2002. In 2007, it was shown that winter outpatient antibiotic consumption had decreased by 26.

Did media attention of the 2009 A(H1N1) influenza epidemic increase outpatient antibiotic use in France?: A time-series analysis.

Background: In France, the 2009 A(H1N1) influenza epidemic occurred between September 2009 and January 2010. Sparking widespread controversy, it was intensely reported in the media. Despite therapeutic inefficacy, antibiotic consumption and viral respiratory infections are positively correlated, particularly in France, where antibiotic overconsumption is well-known.