The electrical heart axis in fetuses with congenital heart disease, measured with non-invasive fetal electrocardiography.

Objectives: To determine if the electrical heart axis in different types of congenital heart defects (CHD) differs from that of a healthy cohort at mid-gestation.

Methods: Non-invasive fetal electrocardiography (NI-fECG) was performed in singleton pregnancies with suspected CHD between 16 and 30 weeks of gestation. The mean electrical heart axis (MEHA) was determined from the fetal vectorcardiogram after correction for fetal orientation.

The electrical heart axis of the fetus between 18 and 24 weeks of gestation: A cohort study.

Introduction: A fetal anomaly scan in mid-pregnancy is performed, to check for the presence of congenital anomalies, including congenital heart disease (CHD). Unfortunately, 40% of CHD is still missed. The combined use of ultrasound and electrocardiography might boost detection rates.

The Noninvasive Fetal Electrocardiogram During Labor: A Review of the Literature.

Importance: The introduction of the cardiotocogram (CTG) during labor has not been found to improve neonatal outcome. The search for a more reliable, less invasive, and patient-friendly technique is ongoing. The noninvasive fetal electrocardiogram (NI-fECG) has been proposed as one such alternative.

The standardized 12-lead fetal electrocardiogram of the healthy fetus in mid-pregnancy: A cross-sectional study.

Introduction: The examination of the fetal heart in mid-pregnancy is by ultrasound examination. The quality of the examination is highly dependent on the skill of the sonographer, fetal position and maternal body mass index. An additional tool that is less dependent on human experience and interpretation is desirable.