A Dual Catalytic Approach for the Halogen-Bonding-Mediated Reductive Cleavage of α-Bromodifluoroesters and Amides.

While charge-transfer complexes involving halogen-bonding interactions have emerged as an alternative strategy for the photogeneration of carbon radicals, examples using (fluoro)alkyl bromides are limited. This report describes a dual catalytic approach for radical generation from α-bromodifluoroesters and amides under visible-light irradiation. Mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction proceeds through bromide displacement using a catalytic iodide salt, generating a C-I bond that can be engaged by our halogen-bonding photocatalysis platform.

Distributional learning of bimodal and trimodal phoneme categories in monolingual and bilingual infants.

Distributional learning has been proposed as a mechanism for infants to learn the native phonemes of the language(s) to which they are exposed. When hearing two speech streams, bilingual infants may find other strategies more useful and rely on distributional learning less than monolingual infants. A series of studies examined how bilingual language experience affects the application of the distributional learning to novel phoneme distributions.

Placement, management and complications associated with peripheral intravenous catheter use in UK small animal practice.

Objectives: To describe the techniques for preparation and placement of peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs), to describe the complications associated with PIVCs, and to identify factors associated with PIVC complications in small animal practice in the United Kingdom.

Materials And Methods: A prospective multicentre observational study was undertaken between January 2022 and January 2023. Data collected included patient information, information regarding the placement and maintenance of PIVCs, and PIVC complications, from privately owned cats and dogs presenting to veterinary institutes in the United Kingdom.

Alpha band oscillations in common synaptic input are explanatory of the complexity of isometric knee extensor muscle torque signals.

We investigated whether the strength of oscillations in common synaptic input was explanatory of knee extensor (KE) torque signal complexity during fresh and fatigued submaximal isometric contractions, in adults aged from 18 to 90 years. The discharge times of motor units were derived from the vastus lateralis muscle of 60 participants using high-density surface EMG, during 20 s isometric KE contractions at 20% of maximal voluntary contraction, performed before and after a fatiguing repeated isometric KE contraction protocol at 60% of maximal voluntary contraction. Within-muscle coherence Z-scores were estimated using frequency-domain coherence analysis, and muscle torque complexity was assessed using multiscale entropy analysis and detrended fluctuation analysis.

Inter-day reliability of heart rate complexity and variability metrics in healthy highly active younger and older adults.

Purpose: To investigate the inter-day reliability of time-domain, frequency-domain, and nonlinear HRV metrics in healthy highly active younger and older adults. The study also assessed the effect of age on the HRV metrics.

Methods: Forty-four older adults (34 M, 10F; 59 ± 5 years;  = 40.