Congenital retroperitoneal vascular anomalies: impact on pelvic surgery.

Purpose: Congenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava (IVC) are not commonly recognized since they generally do not cause symptoms.

Methods: Preoperative cross-sectional imaging can identify anomalies of vascular structures that are highly relevant to the pelvic surgeon. The clinical impact of congenital vascular variations of IVC, especially on paraaortic lymphadenectomy, is investigated.

Supraclavicular lymph node metastases of unknown origin: HPV-typing identifies the primary tumour.

Cancers of unknown primary origin (CUP) account for 0.5-10% of all malignancies. CUP patients with metastases have a median survival of approximately 6 months, despite therapy.

Use of novel serum markers in clinical follow-up of Sertoli-Leydig cell tumours.

Background: Sertoli-Leydig cell tumours of the ovary account for only 0.2% of malignant ovarian tumours. Two-thirds of all patients become apparent due to the tumour's hormone production.