An investigation of how university sports team athletic therapists and physical therapists experience ethical issues.

Study Design: Qualitative study using interpretive description methodology.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to better understand how ethical issues are experienced by university sports team athletic therapists and physical therapists.

Background: In clinical practice, sports teams are associated with a range of ethical issues.

THP-1 cell apoptosis in response to Mycobacterial infection.

We previously reported that Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection primes human alveolar macrophages (HAM) for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)-mediated apoptosis and that macrophage apoptosis is associated with killing internalized bacilli. Virulent mycobacterial strains elicit much less apoptosis than attenuated strains, implying that apoptosis is a defense against intracellular infection. The present study evaluated the potential for phorbol myristate acetate-differentiated THP-1 cells to mimic this response of primary macrophages.

Macrophage stimulation with Murabutide, an HIV-suppressive muramyl peptide derivative, selectively activates extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2, C/EBPbeta and STAT1: role of CD14 and Toll-like receptors 2 and 4.

The smallest unit of bacterial peptidoglycans known to be endowed with biological activities is muramyl dipeptide (MDP). A clinically acceptable synthetic derivative of MDP, namely murabutide (MB), has been found to present interesting pharmacological properties and to suppress HIV-1 replication in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). We have addressed the signaling events activated in MDM following stimulation with either MB or the potent immunostimulant LPS.

PU.1 and multiple IFN regulatory factor proteins synergize to mediate transcriptional activation of the human IL-1 beta gene.

Both lymphoid and myeloid cells express two related members of the IFN regulatory factor (IRF) family of transcription factors, specifically IRF-4 and IFN consensus binding protein (ICSBP or IRF-8). We previously reported that macrophages express IRF-4 and in combination with the ETS-like protein PU.1 can synergistically activate a human IL-1beta reporter gene.

Gas-liquid chromatography of undervatized drugs after chromatographic extraction from blood.

We have developed an integrated method that overcomes the two main procedural difficulties of gas-liquid chromatography, namely, solvent-solvent extraction and chemical derivatization. Drugs are extracted from serum by column chromatography on granular diatomaceous earth (kieselguhr). Subsequent gas-liquid chromatography of underivatized samples can be performed on either of two liquid phases.