Examining the Clinical Significance and Embryologic Development of Two Unique Cases of Renal Anatomy.

Two unique presentations of renal anatomy were observed during routine cadaveric dissection. The first case presented with an ectopic malrotated left kidney supplied by supernumerary renal arteries. This kidney was drained by a circumaortic renal vein and an inferior polar vein.

GLP-1R/NPY2R regulate gene expression, ovarian and adrenal morphology in HFD mice.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and neuropeptide Y receptors (NPYRs) are expressed in reproductive tissues contributing to the regulation of gonadal function. This exploratory study examines the potential impact of their modulation by assessing the effects of exendin-4 (Ex-4) and peptide YY (PYY) (3-36) on endocrine ovaries and adrenals in high-fat diet (HFD) mice. Ex-4 and PYY(3-36) reduced blood glucose and energy intake, with no effects on body weight.

Chronic exposure to incretin metabolites GLP-1(9-36) and GIP(3-42) affect islet morphology and beta cell health in high fat fed mice.

The incretin hormones, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), are rapidly degraded by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) to their major circulating metabolites GLP-1(9-36) and GIP(3-42). This study investigates the possible effects of these metabolites, and the equivalent exendin molecule Ex(9-39), on pancreatic islet morphology and constituent alpha and beta cells in high-fat diet (HFD) fed mice. Male Swiss TO-mice (6-8 weeks-old) were maintained on a HFD or normal diet (ND) for 4 months and then received twice-daily subcutaneous injections of GLP-1(9-36), GIP(3-42), Ex(9-39) (25 nmol/kg bw) or saline vehicle (0.

GLP-1 receptor agonism and GIP receptor antagonism induce substantial alterations in enteroendocrine and islet cell populations in obese high fat fed mice.

Effects of sustained activation of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors (GLP-1R) as well as antagonism of receptors for glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) on intestinal morphology and related gut hormone populations have not been fully investigated. The present study assesses the impact of 21-days twice daily treatment with the GLP-1R agonist exendin-4 (Ex-4), or the GIP receptor (GIPR) antagonist mGIP(3-30), on these features in obese mice fed a high fat diet (HFD). HFD mice presented with reduced crypt depth when compared to normal diet (ND) controls, which was reversed by Ex-4 treatment.

RYGB surgery has modest effects on intestinal morphology and gut hormone populations in the bypassed biliopancreatic limb but causes reciprocal changes in GLP-2 and PYY in the alimentary limb.

Roux-en-Y gastric-bypass (RYGB) induced alterations in intestinal morphology and gut-cell hormone expression profile in the bypassed biliopancreatic-limb (BPL) versus the alimentary-limbs (AL) are poorly characterised. This pilot study has therefore explored effects following RYGB in high-fat-diet (HFD) and normal-diet (ND) rats. Female Wistar rats (4-week-old) were fed HFD or ND for 23-weeks prior to RYGB or sham surgeries.