Oral vs Intravenous Antibiotics for Fracture-Related Infections: The POvIV Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Fracture-related infection (FRI) is a serious complication following fracture fixation surgery. Current treatment of FRIs entails debridement and 6 weeks of intravenous (IV) antibiotics. Lab data and retrospective clinical studies support use of oral antibiotics, which are less expensive and may have fewer complications than IV antibiotics.

Increasing access to pain care services to improve rural pain management: a realist review investigating factors affecting uptake, implementation, and sustainability.

Guideline-based care for chronic pain is challenging to deliver in rural settings. Evaluations of programs that increase access to pain care services in rural areas report variable outcomes. We conducted a realist review to gain a deep understanding of how and why such programs may, or may not, work.

Alzheimer's disease and related dementias among Medicare beneficiaries aged ≥ 65 years in rural America, by Census region and select demographic characteristics: 2020.

Purpose: Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) are a significant public health concern characterized by memory decline that, over time, leads to loss of independence. This study reports ADRD diagnosis rates among Medicare beneficiaries aged ≥ 65 years in rural America.

Methods: We conducted a descriptive analysis of Medicare Fee-for-Service (FFS) and Medicare Advantage enrollees using administrative Medicare data from 2020.

Chemokine associations with blood cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier permeability and delirium.

Delirium is a highly prevalent neuropsychiatric syndrome characterised by acute and fluctuating impairments in attention and cognition. Mechanisms driving delirium are poorly understood but it has been suggested that blood cytokines and chemokines cross the blood brain barrier during delirium, directly impairing brain function. It is not known whether these molecules reach higher brain levels when the blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) is impaired.

Hormetic response to pesticides in diapausing bees.

Pollinators face declines and diversity loss associated with multiple stressors, particularly pesticides. Most pollination services are provided by annual bees that undergo winter diapause, and many common pesticides are highly soluble in water and move through soil and plants where bees hibernate and feed, yet the effects of pesticides on pollinators' diapause survival and performance are poorly understood. Pesticides may have complex effects in bees, and some were shown to induce hormetic effects on various traits characterized by high-dose inhibition coupled with low-dose stimulation.