Anterior scoliosis rod migration to the lower extremity.

Background Context: Scoliosis rod migration has been reported rarely in the literature. We present a case study on three patients with distant migration of anterior scoliosis rod implants.

Purpose: To report an unusual complication of rod migration of anterior retroperitoneally implanted scoliosis rods in three patients.

Development of banded afferent compartments in the inferior colliculus before onset of hearing in ferrets.

Axonal projections from the lateral superior olivary nuclei (LSO), as well as from the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) and dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL), converge in frequency-ordered layers in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (IC) where they distribute among different synaptic compartments. A carbocyanine dye, 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI), was used as a tracer to study the postnatal development of axonal projections in the ferret IC. The results indicated that projections from all three nuclei are present at birth, but are not segregated into bands.

Whole-brain glutamate metabolism evaluated by steady-state kinetics using a double-isotope procedure: effects of gabapentin.

Cerebral rates of anaplerosis are known to be significant, yet the rates measured in vivo have been debated. In order to track glutamate metabolism in brain glutamatergic neurons and brain glia, for the first time unrestrained awake rats were continuously infused with a combination of H14CO3- and [1 - 13C]glucose in over 50 infusions ranging from 5 to 60 min. In whole-brain extracts from these animals, the appearance of 14C in brain glutamate and glutamine and appearance of 13C in the C-4 position of glutamate and glutamine were measured as a function of time.

Nicotinic cholinergic receptor expression in the human nasal mucosa.

Twenty-four nasal mucosa specimens were obtained from the inferior or middle turbinates of 6 normal subjects and 18 patients with chronic sinusitis, inflammatory polyp formation, or sinus allergies. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to identify the non-neuronal nicotinic cholinergic receptor (nAChR) subunits that were expressed in the nasal mucosa. Collectively, transcripts for alpha (alpha1, alpha2, alpha3, alpha4, alpha6, alpha7) and beta (beta2, beta3, beta4) nAChR subunit genes were detected in the respiratory mucosa.

Developmental expression of nicotinic receptors in the chick and human spinal cord.

Naturally occurring programmed cell death of lumbar motor neurons in the chick spinal cord occurs between embryonic day (E) 6 and E12; whereas, a peak of motor neuron degeneration in the human spinal cord occurs between 12 and 16 weeks gestation. One of the major neurotransmitters, acetylcholine, is released from the embryonic motor neuron early in development and is thought to be responsible for early muscle activity that serves as a signal for regulating motor neuron survival. The effects of acetylcholine are mediated by two functionally distinct classes of receptors; namely, muscarinic and nicotinic with nicotinic receptors being used at the neuromuscular synapse.