A decision-space model explains context-specific decision-making.

Optimal decision-making requires consideration of internal and external contexts. Biased decision-making is a transdiagnostic symptom of neuropsychiatric disorders. We created a computational model demonstrating how the striosome compartment of the striatum constructs a context-dependent mathematical space for decision-making computations, and how the matrix compartment uses this space to define action value.

Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Pembrolizumab Outcomes in Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Objective: To determine the relationship between pretreatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and 6-month progression-free survival (PFS)/2-year overall survival (OS) among patients with recurrent or metastatic (R/M) oral cavity cancer on pembrolizumab.

Study Design: This study was a retrospective, observational study performed at a tertiary care academic center.

Setting: Participants included patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) who began pembrolizumab treatment at the University of California, San Francisco between May 2016 and May 2022.

Partnership of I-ACT for children (US) and European pediatric clinical trial networks to facilitate pediatric clinical trials.

Background/aims: Due to a lack of standard pediatric prescribing information, medicines are often used in a dosage form or for an indication that has not been investigated in children. Pediatric clinical trial research networks aim to facilitate the timely availability of innovative drugs for children by developing standardized trial facilitation and conduct processes. This paper aims to assess the (pre)feasibility duration and characteristics of a US-sponsored clinical trial, in collaboration with I-ACT for Children, for distribution across European sites via European clinical research facilitation networks.

Cost Comparison of Industry Versus In-House Three-Dimensional Printed Models for Microvascular Mandible Reconstruction.

Computer-aided design and manufacturing can enhance microvascular mandible reconstruction, particularly in cases with preexisting segmental defects or exophytic tumors where precise in situ plate bending is difficult. However, its high cost may limit its use in high-volume academic centers. To compare the costs of industry-performed patient-specific milled locking mandibular reconstruction plates (LMRPs) and surgeon-performed plate bending using 3D-printed (3DP) models as measured by billing data.

Effect of Acute Alcohol Consumption in a Novel Rodent Model of Decision Making.

Background: Alcohol use, especially at high consumption levels, can lead to irrational decision-making. In humans, this can lead to harmful outcomes often seen in the context of driving under the influence and or aggressive behavior. To date, the field is lacking comprehensive animal models to examine the impact of alcohol use on decision making in rodents, particularly to examine sex differences in choice behavior.