Differentiation of Horner Syndrome and Physiological Anisocoria by Automated Pupillometry.

Background: The differentiation of Horner syndrome from physiological anisocoria is important yet clinically challenging. We investigated the diagnostic accuracy of pupillometry to discriminate Horner syndrome from physiological anisocoria compared to pharmacological testing with the alpha-2-agonist apraclonidine, which is considered the current gold standard.

Methods: Forty-four adult patients, mostly referred to our neuro-ophthalmology service for evaluation of anisocoria, were included.

Rapid Eye Movements during REM Sleep Differentiate PSP from Parkinson's Disease.

Background: Little is known about the characteristics and occurrence frequencies of rapid eye movements (REMs) during REM sleep in movement disorders.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to detect and characterize REMs during polysomnographically defined REM sleep as recorded by electro-oculography (EOG) in 12 patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), 13 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and 12 healthy controls.

Methods: Using a modified EOG montage, we developed an algorithm that automatically detects and characterizes REMs during REM sleep based on their presumptive saccadic kinematics.

Accuracy of Repetitive Ocular Vestibular-Evoked Myogenic Potentials to Diagnose Myasthenia Gravis in Patients With Ptosis or Diplopia.

Background And Objectives: We developed repetitive ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (roVEMP) as an electrophysiologic test that allows us to elicit the characteristic decrement of extraocular muscles in patients with ocular myasthenia gravis (OMG). Case-control studies demonstrated that roVEMP reliably differentiates patients with OMG from healthy controls. We now aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of roVEMP for OMG diagnosis in patients with ptosis and/or diplopia.

Using Smartphone Exophthalmometry to Measure Eyeball Protrusion.

Importance: The current clinical criterion standard for measuring abnormal eyeball protrusion is still the historic Hertel exophthalmometer, which is prone to reading errors. Therefore, a smartphone application has been developed to measure exophthalmos.

Objective: To evaluate a relatively simple noninvasive measurement method for exophthalmos using a smartphone.

Quantifying virtual self-motion sensations induced by galvanic vestibular stimulation.

Background: The vestibular system provides a comprehensive estimate of self-motion in 3D space. Widely used to artificially stimulate the vestibular system, binaural-bipolar square-wave Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS) elicits a virtual sensation of roll rotation. Postural responses to GVS have been clearly delineated, however quantifying the perceived virtual rotation vector has not been fully realised.