modifies cell wall carbohydrates during biofilm growth with a concomitant reduction in complement activation.

The development of new vaccines for TB needs to be underpinned by an understanding of both the molecular and cellular mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions and how the immune response can be modulated to achieve protection from disease. Complement orchestrates many aspects of the innate and adaptive immune responses. However, little is known about the contribution of the complement pathways during TB disease, particularly with respect to mycobacterial phenotype.

Optimisation of BCG Fermentation and Storage Survival.

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin ( BCG) was generated over a century ago for protection against (Mtb) and is one the oldest vaccines still in use. The BCG vaccine is currently produced using a pellicle growth method, which is a complex and lengthy process that has been challenging to standardise. Fermentation for BCG vaccine production would reduce the complexity associated with pellicle growth and increase batch to batch reproducibility.

Bioreactor-Grown Bacillus of Calmette and Guérin (BCG) Vaccine Protects Badgers against Virulent When Administered Orally: Identifying Limitations in Baited Vaccine Delivery.

Bovine tuberculosis (TB) in Great Britain adversely affects animal health and welfare and is a cause of considerable economic loss. The situation is exacerbated by European badgers () acting as a wildlife source of recurrent infection to cattle. Vaccination of badgers against TB is a possible means to reduce and control bovine TB.

Hazard Group 3 agent decontamination using hydrogen peroxide vapour in a class III microbiological safety cabinet.

Aims: This study investigated the efficacy of hydrogen peroxide vapour (HPV) at inactivating hazard group 3 bacteria that have been presented dried from their growth medium to present a realistic challenge.

Methods And Results: Hydrogen peroxide vapour technology (Bioquell) was used to decontaminate a class III microbiological safety cabinet containing biological indicators (BIs) made by drying standard working suspensions of the following agents: Bacillus anthracis (Ames) spores, Brucella abortus (strain S99), Burkholderia pseudomallei (NCTC 12939), Escherichia coli O157 ST11 (NCTC 12079), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain H37Rv) and Yersinia pestis (strain CO92) on stainless steel coupons. Extended cycles were used to expose the agents for 90 min.

Re-growth of populations exposed to antibiotic combinations is due to the presence of isoniazid and not bacterial growth rate.

Modulation of growth rate in is key to its survival in the host; particularly with regard to its adaptation during chronic infection when the growth rate is very slow. The resulting physiological changes will influence the way this pathogen interacts with the host and responds to antibiotics. Therefore, it is important that we understand how growth rate impacts antibiotic efficacy, particularly with respect to recovery/relapse.