Daily Water Intake by Common Marmosets () and Recommendations Regarding Fluid Regulation.

The typical daily water intake of common marmosets () in a research setting has not been well characterized. Because these New World primates are in demand as animal models for neurobehavioral experiments, which can include the potential use of fluid regulation for training, veterinary and research staff need to understand how marmosets keep hydrated under normal circumstances. In the current study, we measured the water consumption of older (age, 5 to 12 y; = 11) and younger (age, 1 to 2 y; = 11) marmosets every 3 h during the 12-h light phase in 2 different months (January and July).

Cytotoxic strains encoding colibactin and cytotoxic necrotizing factor (CNF) colonize laboratory macaques.

Background: Many strains are considered to be a component of the normal flora found in the human and animal intestinal tracts. While most strains are commensal, some strains encode virulence factors that enable the bacteria to cause intestinal and extra-intestinal clinically-relevant infections. Colibactin, encoded by a genomic island ( island), and cytotoxic necrotizing factor (CNF), encoded by the gene, are genotoxic and can modulate cellular differentiation, apoptosis and proliferation.

Prostate specific antigen enhances the innate defence of prostatic epithelium against Escherichia coli infection.

Background: This study investigated whether the increase in serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) typically seen during male urinary tract infection (UTI) is incidental or reflects an innate defence mechanism of the prostate. The protective roles of the whey-acid-motif-4-disulphide core (WFDC) proteins, secretory leukoproteinase inhibitor (SLPI) and WFDC2, in the prostate were also examined.

Methods: UTI recurrence was assessed retrospectively in men following initial UTI by patient interview.

Streptococcus pyogenes infection of tonsil explants is associated with a human β-defensin 1 response from control but not recurrent acute tonsillitis patients.

Host defence peptides (HDP), including the defensins and hCAP-18, function as part of the innate immune defences, protecting the host epithelia from microbial attachment and invasion. Recurrent acute tonsillitis (RAT), in which patients suffer repeated symptomatic tonsil infections, is linked to Streptococcus pyogenes, a group A streptococcus, and may reflect the impaired expression of such peptides. To address this, the defensin and hCAP-18 messenger RNA expression profiles of 54 tonsils excised from control and RAT patients undergoing tonsillectomy were quantified and compared.

Tolerance of bacteriuria after urinary diversion is linked to antimicrobial peptide activity.

Objectives: To compare the cationic antimicrobial peptide gene expression profiles and urinary cationic antimicrobial activities of patients after urinary diversion according to their urinary tract infection (UTI) status. Ileal conduit urinary diversion joins the bacterial-tolerant ileal epithelium and intolerant urothelium. After this procedure, one quarter of patients develop repeated symptomatic UTIs.