2022 TB programme review in Pakistan: strengthening governance, with better patient diagnosis and treatment.

Background: In Pakistan, 84% of healthcare is provided by the private sector. We conducted an epidemiological and programme review for TB to document progress and guide further efforts.

Methods: Surveillance and data systems were assessed before analysing epidemiological data.

Tuberculosis and HIV in people who inject drugs: evidence for action for tuberculosis, HIV, prison and harm reduction services.

Purpose Of Review: To provide a comprehensive summary of the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of HIV-related tuberculosis (TB) in people who inject drugs (PWIDs), and recommend actions to enhance the clinical and programmatic responses to the epidemic.

Recent Findings: People who live with HIV and inject drugs have a 2-6-fold increased risk of developing TB compared with noninjectors, and commonly have comorbidities with hepatitis B (HBV) and C viral (HCV) infection. Among PWIDs who develop TB, at least one in three will also have HIV and two out of three will have HCV antibodies.

Community-based multi-disease prevention campaigns for controlling human immunodeficiency virus-associated tuberculosis.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection increases the risk of tuberculosis (TB) 21-34 fold, and has fuelled the resurgence of TB in sub-Saharan Africa. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the Three I's for HIV/TB (infection control, intensified case finding [ICF] and isoniazid preventive therapy) and earlier initiation of antiretroviral therapy for preventing TB in persons with HIV. Current service delivery frameworks do not identify people early enough to maximally harness the preventive benefits of these interventions.

Prevention of tuberculosis in people living with HIV.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection drives tuberculosis (TB) incidence, and in some African countries, 80% of persons with TB have HIV infection. By the end of 2008, an estimated 33.2 million persons were infected with HIV, and in 2007, there were 2.