Field evaluation of deet and a piperidine repellent against Aedes communis (Diptera: Culicidae) and Simulium venustum (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the Adirondack Mountains of New York.

Repellent efficacy of N,N-diethyl-3-methyl-benzamide (deet), the piperidine, 1-[3-cyclohexen-1-ylcarbonyl]-2-methylpiperidine (AI3-37220), and a 1:1 ratio of deet + AI3-37220 were evaluated topically (0.25 mg/cm2 applied in ethanol solution) on human volunteers against the mosquito Aedes communis (DeGeer) and the black fly Simulium venustum Say. The average repellency of all three formulations was > 95% at 4 h.

Gender-related efficacy difference to an extended duration formulation of topical N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET).

A clinical trial (n = 120, 60 males and 60 females) was conducted to assess the efficacy of an extended duration tropical insect/arthropod repellent (EDTIAR) topical formulation of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). The amount of EDTIAR (mean +/- confidence interval), applied by participants in accordance with label directions, was not significantly different between females (3.66 +/- 0.

Long-term efficacy and immune responses following immunization with the RTS,S malaria vaccine.

The malaria sporozoite vaccine candidate RTS,S, formulated with an oil-in-water emulsion plus the immunostimulants monophosphoryl lipid A and the saponin derivative QS21 (vaccine 3), recently showed superior efficacy over two other experimental formulations. Immunized volunteers were followed to determine the duration of protective immune responses. Antibody levels decreased to between one-third and one-half of peak values 6 months after the last dose of vaccine.

Continuous in vitro propagation of the malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax.

The difficulty in controlling Plasmodium vivax, the most common cause of human malaria, has been complicated by growing drug resistance. We have established a method to cycle parasite generations in continuous culture using human blood cells. Chesson strain parasites were passaged from owl monkey erythrocytes to human reticulocytes in McCoy's 5A medium modified with L-glutamine with 25 mM Hepes buffer supplemented with 20% AB+ human serum.

Depletion of total salivary gland protein in blood-fed Anopheles mosquitoes.

Reduction in total salivary gland protein from four anopheline vectors of human malaria, Anopheles stephensi Liston, An. albimanus Wiedmann, An. gambiae Giles, and An.