Klenkia terrae resistant to DNA extraction in germ-free mice stools illustrates the extraction pitfall faced by metagenomics.

Over the past decade, metagenomics has become the preferred method for exploring complex microbiota such as human gut microbiota. However, several bias affecting the results of microbiota composition, such as those due to DNA extraction, have been reported. These bias have been confirmed with the development of culturomics technique.

Prominent role for T cell-derived tumour necrosis factor for sustained control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.

Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF) is critical for host control of M. tuberculosis, but the relative contribution of TNF from innate and adaptive immune responses during tuberculosis infection is unclear. Myeloid versus T-cell-derived TNF function in tuberculosis was investigated using cell type-specific TNF deletion.

Partial redundancy of the pattern recognition receptors, scavenger receptors, and C-type lectins for the long-term control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is recognized by multiple pattern recognition receptors involved in innate immune defense, but their direct role in tuberculosis pathogenesis remains unknown. Beyond TLRs, scavenger receptors (SRs) and C-type lectins may play a crucial role in the sensing and signaling of pathogen motifs, as well as contribute to M. tuberculosis immune evasion.

Histamine plays an essential regulatory role in lung inflammation and protective immunity in the acute phase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.

The course and outcome of infection with mycobacteria are determined by a complex interplay between the immune system of the host and the survival mechanisms developed by the bacilli. Recent data suggest a regulatory role of histamine not only in the innate but also in the adaptive immune response. We used a model of pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in histamine-deficient mice lacking histidine decarboxylase (HDC(-/-)), the histamine-synthesizing enzyme.

Dominant-negative tumor necrosis factor protects from Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG) and endotoxin-induced liver injury without compromising host immunity to BCG and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Background: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is associated with the development of inflammatory pathologies. Antibodies and soluble TNF (solTNF) receptors that neutralize excessive TNF are effective therapies for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. However, clinical use of TNF inhibitors is associated with an increased risk of infections.