The beneficial effects of toremifene administration on the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis and sperm parameters in men with idiopathic oligozoospermia.

Objective: To evaluate whether toremifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), has a beneficiary effect on all three main sperm parameters.

Design: Prospective interventional clinical study.

Setting: University hospital.

Effects of macrophage colony-stimulating factor on antifungal activity of neonatal monocytes against Candida albicans.

The effects of recombinant macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) on antifungal activities of monocytes (MNC) from healthy neonates and adults against Candida albicans were compared. Pretreatment of adult and neonatal MNC with 15 ng/ml of M-CSF for 4 days significantly increased superoxide anion (O(-2)) production in response to phorbol myristate acetate. While M-CSF-treated MNC from adults produced significantly higher O(-2) in response to Candida blastoconidia, M-CSF-treated neonatal MNC did not show a similar response.