Nutritional Gender-Specific Differences in Head and Neck Cancer Patients Treated with (Chemo)Radiotherapy: Results from a Prospective Trial.

: This analysis aims to evaluate gender-specific differences in nutritional status, body weight changes, and their impact on overall survival (OS) in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients undergoing (chemo)radiotherapy (CRT). : Between 2018 and 2020, 61 HNC (17 female and 44 male) patients were prospectively recruited to receive curative (chemo)radiotherapy. Nutritional assessments included dietary questionnaire screenings and records, anthropometric methods (body mass index, BMI, body composition via bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)), and the determination of biomarkers like albumin and CRP.

Initiation of HIV Reverse Transcription.

Reverse transcription of retroviral genomes into double stranded DNA is a key event for viral replication. The very first stage of HIV reverse transcription, the initiation step, involves viral and cellular partners that are selectively packaged into the viral particle, leading to an RNA/protein complex with very specific structural and functional features, some of which being, in the case of HIV-1, linked to particular isolates. Recent understanding of the tight spatio-temporal regulation of reverse transcription and its importance for viral infectivity further points toward reverse transcription and potentially its initiation step as an important drug target.

Structured mRNAs regulate translation initiation by binding to the platform of the ribosome.

Gene expression can be regulated at the level of initiation of protein biosynthesis via structural elements present at the 5' untranslated region of mRNAs. These folded mRNA segments may bind to the ribosome, thus blocking translation until the mRNA unfolds. Here, we report a series of cryo-electron microscopy snapshots of ribosomal complexes directly visualizing either the mRNA structure blocked by repressor protein S15 or the unfolded, active mRNA.

Molecular mimicry in translational regulation: the case of ribosomal protein S15.

Ribosomal protein S15 is highly conserved among prokaryotes. It plays a pivotal role in the assembly of the central domain of the small ribosomal subunit and regulates its own expression by a feedback mechanism at the translational level. The protein recognizes two RNA targets (rRNA and mRNA) that share only partial similarity.

Regulatory RNAs as mediators of virulence gene expression in bacteria.

Bacteria exploit functional diversity of RNAs in a wide range of regulatory mechanisms to control gene expression. In last few years, small RNA molecules have been discovered at a staggering rate in bacteria, mainly in Escherichia coli. While functions of many of these RNA molecules are still not known, several of them behave as key effectors of adaptive responses, such as environmental cue recognition, stress response, and virulence control.