High on-chip gain spiral AlO:Er waveguide amplifiers.

We demonstrate reactively sputtered AlO:Er waveguide amplifiers with an erbium concentration of 3.9 × 10 ions/cm, capable of achieving over 30 dB small signal net gain at 1532 nm using bidirectional pumping at 1480 nm. We observe on chip output powers of 10.

Use of Raman spectroscopy in the assessment of skin after CO ablative fractional laser surgery on acne scars.

Background: Ablative fractional laser surgery is a common technique for treating acne scars. However, an in vivo and noninvasive analysis of the histologic variations between acne skin and the resulting resurfaced skin is needed in order to evaluate the wound healing process of the scars induced by the ablative fractional laser surgery.

Materials And Methods: Nine patients with acne scars underwent a single treatment with a CO ablative fractional laser surgery.