Computational-fluid-dynamics (CFD) modelling of an industrial crystallizer: application to the forced-circulation reactor.

The CFD (computational fluid dynamics) technique is used to describe the mixing conditions in a pilot-scale FCC (forced-circulation crystallizer) and to study the impact of flow rate and aspect ratio on local flow conditions and RTD (residence-time distribution) in the crystallizer. The analysis adequately predicts the oscillating flow and two-phase (gas-liquid) interaction at the free surface. A comparison has been made between the CFD predictions and models of RTD.

Applications of advanced oxidation processes: present and future.

The use of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) to remove pollutants in various water treatment applications has been the subject of study for around 30 years. Most of the available processes (Fenton reagent, O3 under basic conditions, O3/H2O2, O3/UV, O3/solid catalyst, H2O2/M(n+), H2O2/UV, photo-assisted Fenton, H2O2/solid catalyst, H2O2/NaClO, TiO2/UV etc.) have been investigated in depth and a considerable body of knowledge has been built up about the reactivity of many pollutants.

Changes in histological lesions and serum fibrogenesis markers in chronic hepatitis C patients non-responders to interferon alpha.

Background/aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in histological lesions and serum N-terminal peptide of type III procollagen (PIIINP) and hyaluronate (HA) levels in virologic non-responder patients treated by Interferon alpha (IFNalpha).

Methods: We enrolled 183 patients treated by IFNalpha and 56 controls, all with paired biopsy specimens. Yearly liver fibrosis progression was estimated before and during a follow-up of 1 year.

Role of anti-interferon antibodies in breakthrough occurrence during alpha 2a and 2b therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C.

Background/aims: Alpha interferon induces aminotransferase normalization in about 50% of patients with chronic viral hepatitis C. However, some patients who initially respond experience a relapse during the treatment period (breakthrough phenomenon). The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of breakthrough and its relationship with the emergence of neutralizing anti-interferon antibodies.