Production and utilization of pseudocobalamin in marine Synechococcus cultures and communities.

Cobalamin influences marine microbial communities because an exogenous source is required by most eukaryotic phytoplankton, and demand can exceed supply. Pseudocobalamin is a cobalamin analogue produced and used by most cyanobacteria but is not directly available to eukaryotic phytoplankton. Some microbes can remodel pseudocobalamin into cobalamin, but a scarcity of pseudocobalamin measurements impedes our ability to evaluate its importance for marine cobalamin production.

Motilin fluctuations in healthy volunteers determined by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry.

Introduction: Motilin is a hormone secreted by specialised enteroendocrine cells in the small intestine, and is known to modulate gastrointestinal motility in humans, regulating the migratory motor complex. It is understudied at least in part due to the lack of commercially available immunoassays.

Method: A multiplexed liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was optimised to measure motilin, insulin, C-peptide, GIP (1-42) and GIP (3-42).

Fasting and post prandial pancreatic and enteroendocrine hormone levels in obese and non-obese participants.

Circulating insulin levels are known to be increased in people with higher body mass index (BMI) due to effects of adiposity on insulin resistance, whilst gut hormones have a more complex relationship, with fasting peptideYY (PYY) reported to be inversely related to BMI. This study aimed to further explore fasting and post prandial pancreatic and gut hormone concentrations in plasma samples from obese and non-obese participants. Participants with healthy BMI (n=15), overweight BMI (n=29) and obesity (n=161) had samples taken fasting and 30 min post mixed liquid meal for analysis of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), PYY, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), insulin and glucagon.

New chemical and microbial perspectives on vitamin B1 and vitamer dynamics of a coastal system.

Vitamin B1 (thiamin, B1) is an essential micronutrient for cells, yet intriguingly in aquatic systems most bacterioplankton are unable to synthesize it (auxotrophy), requiring an exogenous source. Cycling of this valuable metabolite in aquatic systems has not been fully investigated and vitamers (B1-related compounds) have only begun to be measured and incorporated into the B1 cycle. Here, we identify potential key producers and consumers of B1 and gain new insights into the dynamics of B1 cycling through measurements of B1 and vitamers (HMP: 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine, HET: 4-methyl-5-thiazoleethanol, FAMP: -formyl-4-amino-5-aminomethyl-2-methylpyrimidine) in the particulate and dissolved pool in a temperate coastal system.

MS care: integrating advanced therapies and holistic management.

Lifestyle and environmental factors are key determinants in disease causality and progression in neurological conditions, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Lack of exercise, poor diet, tobacco smoking, excessive alcohol intake, social determinants of health, concomitant medications, poor sleep and comorbidities can exacerbate MS pathological processes by impacting brain health and depleting neurological reserves, resulting in more rapid disease worsening. In addition to using disease-modifying therapies to alter the disease course, therapeutic strategies in MS should aim to preserve as much neurological reserve as possible by promoting the adoption of a "brain-healthy" and "metabolically-healthy" lifestyle.