Single-Cell Analysis in the Mouse and Human Mammary Gland.

The mammary gland is a complex organ, host to a rich array of different cell types. As the only organ to complete its development in adulthood, it delicately balances both cell intrinsic and external signalling from hormones, growth factors and other stimulants. The gland can undergo vast proliferation, restructuring and functional maturation during pregnancy and undo these gross changes to a nearly identical resting state during involution.

Tumor evolution metrics predict recurrence beyond 10 years in locally advanced prostate cancer.

Cancer evolution lays the groundwork for predictive oncology. Testing evolutionary metrics requires quantitative measurements in controlled clinical trials. We mapped genomic intratumor heterogeneity in locally advanced prostate cancer using 642 samples from 114 individuals enrolled in clinical trials with a 12-year median follow-up.

International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Gleason Grade Groups stratify outcomes in the CHHiP Phase 3 prostate radiotherapy trial.

Objectives: To compare the results of Gleason Grade Group (GGG) classification following central pathology review with previous local pathology assessment, and to examine the difference between using overall and worst GGG in a large patient cohort treated with radiotherapy and short-course hormone therapy.

Patients And Methods: Patients with low- to high-risk localized prostate cancer were randomized into the multicentre CHHiP fractionation trial between 2002 and 2011. Patients received short-course hormone therapy (≤6 month) and radical intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT).

Multi-candidate immunohistochemical markers to assess radiation response and prognosis in prostate cancer: results from the CHHiP trial of radiotherapy fractionation.

Background: Protein markers of cellular proliferation, hypoxia, apoptosis, cell cycle checkpoints, growth factor signalling and inflammation in localised prostate tumours have previously shown prognostic ability. A translational substudy within the CHHiP trial of radiotherapy fractionation evaluated whether these could improve prediction of prognosis and assist treatment stratification following either conventional or hypofractionated radiotherapy.

Methods: Using case:control methodology, patients with biochemical or clinical failure after radiotherapy (BCR) were matched to patients without recurrence according to established prognostic factors (Gleason score, presenting PSA, tumour-stage) and fractionation schedule.

The Prognostic Value of PIK3CA Copy Number Gain in Penile Cancer.

Objective: To determine whether phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3- kinase, catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) copy number gain in penile cancer has prognostic value and association with histopathological parameters, human papillomavirus (HPV), and clinical outcome.

Methods: PIK3CA copy number status was assessed with fluorescence in situ hybridization in tissue microarrays generated from archival paraffin embedded blocks of 199 patients with primary penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC). HPV DNA was detected with INNO-LiPA assay.