Metagenome and metabolism: the tissue microbiota hypothesis.

Over the last decade, the research community has revealed the role of a new organ: the intestinal microbiota. It is considered as a symbiont that is part of our organism since, at birth, it educates the immune system and contributes to the development of the intestinal vasculature and most probably the nervous system. With the advent of new generation sequencing techniques, a catalogue of genes that belong to this microbiome has been established that lists more than 5 million non-redundant genes called the metagenome.

[Intestinal microbiota and novel therapeutic perspectives for the treatment of metabolic diseases].

A new organ has emerged over the course of the last century: the intestinal microbiota. It is characterized by numerous functions provided by several billions of bacteria inhabiting and living in harmony in the lumen and in the mucosal layer of the intestinal epithelium. More than 4 million genes composed by more than 1 500 species interact with each other, with the host and the environment to set up a mutualistic ecological group.

Blood microbiota dysbiosis is associated with the onset of cardiovascular events in a large general population: the D.E.S.I.R. study.

Aim: We recently described a human blood microbiome and a connection between this microbiome and the onset of diabetes. The aim of the current study was to assess the association between blood microbiota and incident cardiovascular disease.

Methods And Results: D.

Intestinal MicrobiOMICS to define health and disease in human and mice.

Over the last five years an increasing effort has been made to understand the role of intestinal microbiota in health and disease, resulting in regarding to it as a new organ actively involved in the control of host metabolism, both in humans and mice. Amongst hundreds (up to thousand) germ species inhabiting the intestine, few of them are cultivable. Nevertheless, next-generation sequencing-based molecular technologies have been developed, allowing to overcome this problem and shed light on the way the gut microbiota undergoes dramatic changes during (patho)-physiological modifications of the host.