The clinical significance and burden of thyroid nodules discovered incidentally.

Background: The majority of thyroid nodules are benign; however current guidelines suggest that thyroid incidentalomas should be appropriately evaluated to rule out malignancy.

Aims: This study aims to determine the incidence of thyroid incidentalomas and the likelihood that they harbour sinister pathology in the largest Irish cohort studied to-date.

Methods: A retrospective observational chart review was conducted using data from July 2018 to December 2018 using the Radiology Database in use at Cork University Hospital.

Wing inertia influences the phase and amplitude relationships between thorax deformation and flapping angle in bumblebees.

Flying insects have a robust flight system that allows them to fly even when their forewings are damaged. The insect must adjust wingbeat kinematics to aerodynamically compensate for the loss of wing area. However, the mechanisms that allow insects with asynchronous flight muscle to adapt to wing damage are not well understood.

Turgor pressure affects transverse stiffness and resonant frequencies of buzz-pollinated poricidal anthers.

Several agriculturally valuable plants store their pollen in tube-like poricidal anthers, which release pollen through buzz pollination. In this process, bees rapidly vibrate the anther using their indirect flight muscles. The stiffness and resonant frequency of the anther are crucial for effective pollen release, yet the impact of turgor pressure on these properties is not well understood.

Plasticity of Human Microglia and Brain Perivascular Macrophages in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease.

The complex roles of myeloid cells, including microglia and perivascular macrophages, are central to the neurobiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet they remain incompletely understood. Here, we profiled 832,505 human myeloid cells from the prefrontal cortex of 1,607 unique donors covering the human lifespan and varying degrees of AD neuropathology. We delineated 13 transcriptionally distinct myeloid subtypes organized into 6 subclasses and identified AD-associated adaptive changes in myeloid cells over aging and disease progression.

The relationship of bispectral index values to conscious state: an analysis of two volunteer cohort studies.

Background: The ability of current depth-of-anaesthesia monitors to differentiate subtle changes in the conscious state has not been well characterised. We examine the variability in bispectral index (BIS) scores associated with disconnected conscious and unconscious states as confirmed by a novel serial awakening paradigm.

Methods: Seventy adult participants, given propofol or dexmedetomidine, had a cumulative 1381 electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings across two centres.