UV LED wastewater disinfection: The future is upon us.

The world's first full-scale, 280 nm UV LED reactor for wastewater disinfection was tested at flows of 545 and 817 m day. The system achieved > 3 average log reduction of total coliform at 545 m day and the 817 m day flow rate achieved over > 2.5 average log reduction for all operational conditions.

Tumour-intrinsic PDL1 signals regulate the Chk2 DNA damage response in cancer cells and mediate resistance to Chk1 inhibitors.

Background: Aside from the canonical role of PDL1 as a tumour surface-expressed immune checkpoint molecule, tumour-intrinsic PDL1 signals regulate non-canonical immunopathological pathways mediating treatment resistance whose significance, mechanisms, and therapeutic targeting remain incompletely understood. Recent reports implicate tumour-intrinsic PDL1 signals in the DNA damage response (DDR), including promoting homologous recombination DNA damage repair and mRNA stability of DDR proteins, but many mechanistic details remain undefined.

Methods: We genetically depleted PDL1 from transplantable mouse and human cancer cell lines to understand consequences of tumour-intrinsic PDL1 signals in the DNA damage response.

Cutting Edge: Cytosolic Receptor AIM2 Is Induced by Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ following Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection of Human Macrophages but Does Not Contribute to IL-1β Release.

AIM2 (absent in melanoma 2), an inflammasome component, mediates IL-1β release in murine macrophages and cell lines. AIM2 and IL-1β contribute to murine control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection, but AIM2's impact in human macrophages, the primary niche for M.

Considerations and Approaches for Cancer Immunotherapy in the Aging Host.

Advances in cancer immunotherapy are improving treatment successes in many distinct cancer types. Nonetheless, most tumors fail to respond. Age is the biggest risk for most cancers, and the median population age is rising worldwide.

Alternative splicing of the SUMO1/2/3 transcripts affects cellular SUMOylation and produces functionally distinct SUMO protein isoforms.

Substantial increases in the conjugation of the main human SUMO paralogs, SUMO1, SUMO2, and SUMO3, are observed upon exposure to different cellular stressors, and such increases are considered important to facilitate cell survival to stress. Despite their critical cellular role, little is known about how the levels of the SUMO modifiers are regulated in the cell, particularly as it relates to the changes observed upon stress. Here we characterize the contribution of alternative splicing towards regulating the expression of the main human SUMO paralogs under normalcy and three different stress conditions, heat-shock, cold-shock, and Influenza A Virus infection.