Superficial Grain Refinement of 316L Stainless Steel by Rolling with Rough Rolls.

This study presents a novel approach to producing superficial micro- and nanostructures using a cold rolling process with rough rolls, followed by low-temperature annealing. The proposed technique attempts to recreate the superficial deformation occurring in the sandblasting process. It allows for the generation of an inhomogeneous network, or tangle, of high-deformation zones on the material's surface that act as nucleation centers during the subsequent annealing process.

Origin of glycosylated hemoglobin A1 in chronic renal failure.

In chronic renal failure both HbA1 and HbA1c levels have been reported to be elevated. In order to investigate the causes of such increase we measured HbA1 (cation-exchange chromatography), blood urea nitrogen, arterial blood pH, plasma bicarbonate, phosphatemia, serum iron and serum ferritin before dialysis in 60 uremic patients receiving long term hemodialysis. The increased levels of HbA1 do not correlate with glucose intolerance, phosphatemia, blood urea nitrogen, time averaged concentration of urea, serum iron and serum ferritin.