Long-term outcomes of surgical management in subtypes of Chiari malformation.

: Chiari malformations (CMs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders defined by anatomic anomalies of the cerebellum, brainstem, and craniovertebral junction (CVJ). The aims of this study are to establish the demographic and clinical features, incidence, surgical procedures, and outcomes in large series of old and new subtypes of CMs.: All patients were evaluated and operated on for CM-0, 1, and 1.

THE EXPRESSION OF STEM CELL MARKERS (CD133, NESTIN, OCT4, SOX2) IN INVASIVE PITUITARY ADENOMAS.

Introduction: The pituitary gland serves as the center of the endocrine system. Stem cells are typically found in a specialized microenvironment of the tissue, called the niche, which regulates their maintenance, self-renewal, fate determination, and reaction to external influences. The aim of this study is to elucidate the role of stem cells in the initiation, invasion, and progression of pituitary adenomas.