High Prevalence of Kidney Stone Disease of Gouty Origin in Roman Pontiffs Reigning in the Years 537-2005.

Objectives: Many Roman pontiffs are known to have had kidney stone disease. However, no specific report has explored the prevalence of the various stones in popes, which is the purpose of this study.

Materials And Methods: We extensively studied the histories of all popes (n = 264) from Saint Peter to John Paul II (34-2005).

Acute Kidney Injury as a Leading Cause of Papal Deaths in the Years 1277 to 2005: A Review of 21 Cases.

Objectives: This study was devised to investigate papal deaths due to acute kidney injury, a topic for which scarce data exist.

Materials And Methods: We studied all popes between John XXI, who died in 1277 of crush syndrome, and John Paul II, who died of anuria and urinary sepsis in 2005.

Results: Between pontification years from 1277 to 2005, 21 of 78 popes (26.

Malaria as a Papal Disease.

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of malaria on the lives of Roman pontiffs.

Materials And Methods: The histories of all 264 popes from Saint Peter to John Paul II were extensively studied.

Results: Malaria affected the lives of Roman pontiffs.

The Dropsy of Popes (1555-1978): A Bad Prognostic Sign Foreboding of Death.

The purpose of this study is to explore the historical background of edema as a prognostic sign in popes, a special category of medical subjects whose health status was closely monitored and chronicled because of their unique important status in the events of their times. Nine out of 51 popes, who reigned in the years 1555-1978, died edematous at a mean age of 75.5 years of age.