A review of the present methods used to remediate soil and water contaminated with organophosphate esters and developmental directions.

Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used commercial additives, but their environmental persistence and toxicity raise serious concerns necessitating associated remediation strategies. Although there are various existing technologies for OPE removal, comprehensive screening for them is urgently needed to guide further research. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the techniques used to remove OPEs from soil and water, including their related influencing factors, removal mechanisms/degradation pathways, and practical applications.

Effect of synthesis conditions on the porous texture of activated carbons obtained from Tara Rubber by FeCl activation.

This paper presents the results of an unique analysis of the influence of the mass ratio of activator FeCl to precursor and the temperature of the activation process on the formation of the porous structure of activated carbons obtained from Tara Rubber by FeCl activation. The study used the new numerical clustering based adsorption analysis method and the quenched solid density functional theory, taking into account, among other things, the heterogeneity of the analysed surface which is a new approach rarely used in the analysis of the porous structure of adsorbents. On the basis of the calculation results, it was concluded that the activated carbon with the most developed porous texture was obtained at a mass ratio (FeCl:Tara Rubber) of 2, at an activation process temperature of 800 °C.

Adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on activated carbons from macadamia nut shells.

This study reports on the application of activated carbons from macadamia nut shells as adsorbents for the removal of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, a commonly used pesticide, from water. Different activating agents (FeCl, ZnCl, KOH and HPO) were used to obtain adsorbents within a wide range of porous texture and surface properties. The characterization of the resulting activated carbons was performed by N adsorption-desorption, elemental analysis, TG and pH.

Synthesis of zero-valent iron supported with graphite and plastic based carbon from recycling spent lithium ion batteries and its reaction mechanism with 4-chlorophenol in water.

Graphite and plastic recycled from spent lithium ion batteries were used to synthesize zero-valent iron/graphite (ZVI/G), zero-valent iron/plastic-based carbon (ZVI/P), and zero-valent iron/graphite and plastic-based carbon (ZVI/GP) with iron oxide through carbothermic reduction. The aim of preparing these catalysts is to improve the performance of ZVI in the removal of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) in water through heterogeneous Fenton reactions. The structural and textural properties of materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, N adsorption/desorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

Azaindole grafted titanium dioxide for the photodegradation of pharmaceuticals under solar irradiation.

The application of metal-free organic molecules grafted titanium dioxide (TiO) as photocatalysts for the degradation of pharmaceuticals under solar light has been scarcely studied. Herein, a novel photocatalyst was synthesized anchoring a bipolar electron-donor and -acceptor molecule based on azaindole derivative (AZA4) onto TiO aiming to improve the photoactivity under simulated solar irradiation. The TiO-azaindole (TiO-AZA4) was fully characterized, confirming that AZA4 was successfully grafted onto TiO and improving the light absorption.