[Tobacco and tuberculosis: the nature of the links and the consequences of this association].

Tuberculosis and smoking are responsible for significant mortality worldwide. Smoking is spreading in emerging countries, and its prevalence is high in developed countries among socially disadvantaged populations; it could be the source of a resurgence of tuberculosis in future years. The aim of this review is to clarify the consequences of the association between smoking and tuberculosis, and the benefits of smoking cessation for smokers with tuberculosis.

Nivolumab plus chemotherapy in first-line metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: results of the phase III CheckMate 227 Part 2 trial.

Background: In CheckMate 227 Part 1, first-line nivolumab plus ipilimumab prolonged overall survival (OS) in patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and tumor programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression ≥1% versus chemotherapy. We report results from CheckMate 227 Part 2, which evaluated nivolumab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy in patients with metastatic NSCLC regardless of tumor PD-L1 expression.

Patients And Methods: Seven hundred and fifty-five patients with systemic therapy-naive, stage IV/recurrent NSCLC without EGFR mutations or ALK alterations were randomized 1 : 1 to nivolumab 360 mg every 3 weeks plus chemotherapy or chemotherapy.

Treatment patterns and clinical outcomes of extensive stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC) in the real-world evidence ESME cohort before the era of immunotherapy.

Background: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly aggressive entity of lung cancer with tendency toward early recurrence after first-line treatment. As per recently updated European Society for Medical Oncology recommendations, first-line treatment with up to 4 cycles of platinum-etoposide combined with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICIs)-targeting PD-L1, is now the standard of care. The purpose of the current analysis is to identify current patient profiles and treatment strategies in real life clinical practice, and report outcomes in Extensive Stage (ES)-SCLC.

Similar Methanogenic Shift but Divergent Syntrophic Partners in Anaerobic Digesters Exposed to Direct versus Successive Ammonium Additions.

During anaerobic digestion (AD) of protein-rich wastewater, ammonium (NH) is released by amino acid degradation. High NH concentrations disturb the AD microbiome balance, leading to process impairments. The sensitivity of the AD microbiome to NH and the inhibition threshold depend on multiple parameters, especially the previous microbial acclimation to ammonium stress.