It's all in the gut: the central role of the gut and microbiome in preventing disease progression in simian immunodeficiency viruses infected African nonhuman primates.

Purpose Of Review: Typically, both HIV-infected humans and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected Asian nonhuman primates (NHPs) eventually progress to AIDS, while African NHPs that are natural hosts of SIV do not, in spite of life-long, high levels of viral replication. Lack of disease progression in African NHPs is not due to some adaptation by the virus, but rather to host adaptations to the virus. Central to these adaptations is maintenance of the gut integrity during acute viral replication and inflammation, which allows natural hosts to avoid the chronic inflammation characteristic to pathogenic HIV/SIV infection.

Rapid systemic spread and minimal immune responses following SIVsab intrarectal transmission in African green monkeys.

African green monkeys (AGMs) are natural hosts of SIV whose infection does not progress to AIDS. Since early events of infection may be critical to pathogenesis in nonnatural hosts, we investigated early SIV infection in 29 adult male AGMs intrarectally inoculated with SIVsab92018 (SIVsab) and serially sacrificed throughout acute into early chronic infection to understand patterns of viral establishment, dissemination, and their effect on disease progression. Using this model, we showed that foci of virus replication could be detected at the site of inoculation and in the draining lymphatics as early as 1-3 days postinfection (dpi).

Cardiac Geometry and Function in Patients with Reflex Syncope.

Reflex syncope (RS) is the most prevalent form of syncope, yet its pathophysiology and clinical presentation are not well understood. Despite controversy, the 'ventricular theory' remains the most plausible hypothesis to explain RS in susceptible patients. Certain assumptions regarding the geometry and function of the heart are essential in supporting this theory.

Making a Monkey out of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Pathogenesis: Immune Cell Depletion Experiments as a Tool to Understand the Immune Correlates of Protection and Pathogenicity in HIV Infection.

Understanding the underlying mechanisms of HIV pathogenesis is critical for designing successful HIV vaccines and cure strategies. However, achieving this goal is complicated by the virus's direct interactions with immune cells, the induction of persistent reservoirs in the immune system cells, and multiple strategies developed by the virus for immune evasion. Meanwhile, HIV and SIV infections induce a pandysfunction of the immune cell populations, making it difficult to untangle the various concurrent mechanisms of HIV pathogenesis.

Unprovoked venous thromboembolism recurrence and arterial embolism revealing lung cancer: a case report.

The link between venous thromboembolism (VTE) and cancer is well known. VTE could be the initial sign of an occult malignancy. There are more diagnoses of cancer after an unprovoked VTE compared to a provoked VTE, with a reported prevalence between 4.